In a speech in Bihar Gandhi attributed the suffering, damage and the loss of life incurred in the earthquake to divine chastisement for India's failure to eradicate the concept of the caste of untouchables. Presently, he works as a freelance/ independent history researcher, writer and works at www.awazthevoice.in, On January, 15th, 1934, at about 2.13 p.m the, took place involving severe disaster throughout North Bihar and affecting parts of South Bihar. [9][10], Mahatma Gandhi visited the Bihar state. About two hundred million years ago an ocean separated India from the rest of Eurasia. London:Special Publications. Earthquake recurrence and rupture dynamics of Himalayan frontal thrust, India. Also, the length of rupture zone along east-west had been estimated as 200 100 Km. Kangra (1905) and Bihar (1934). Soc. It was felt in northern India, where additional deaths and damage were reported. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. Google Scholar. Avalanches onMount Everest This earthquake caused manyavalanches on Mount Everest. - 202.3.109.12. News from the most affected region arrived only two or three days later. To his credit Mr. Salim has more than 400 published articles on history, politics, culture and literature in English and Hindi. Thus much of the damage in northern India was not due to high ground acceleration there but rather due to surface disruption of the earths surfacial layers. Over 70% of the building collapsed in Kathmandu. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 5, 2244. (Following is a reproduction of the account written by P.C Roy Choudhury). Singh D D and Gupta H K 1980 Source dynamics of two great earthquakes of the Indian subcontinent; the Bihar- Nepal earthquake of January 15, 1934 and the Quetta earthquake of May 30, 1935; Bull. Himalayan tectonics: A modern synthesis. Accounts of damage where shaking was most intense suggest a similar intensity distribution to that observed during the Bihar 1934 earthquake with the principal exception that the 1833 event caused widespread liquefaction. [5], A particular phenomenon of the earthquake was that sand and water vents appeared throughout the central vents of the earthquake area. Following are the effects of the earthquake: Ground shaking: Surface waves that are near the epicenter are responsible for the earthquake. News from the country was available only next morning, showing that Patna, Monghyr and Jamalpur had suffered severely. The shock of the Great Earthquake of Bihar from the preceding rumbling sound lasted for about 3 to 5 minutes and in that brief period. Res. Leveling in Bengal and Bihar, 9397. Fatality rates of the M w ~8.2, 1934, Bihar-Nepal earthquake and comparison with the April 2015 Gorkha earthquake The great Indian Earthquake of January 15, 1934. 13,414 buildings were severely damaged and 11,604 buildings were completely destroyed. There is evidence that even larger events have occurred in the past, and geodetic and seismic monitoring show that stress is accumulating now. Avouac J P 2003 Mountain Building, Erosion, and the Seismic Cycle in the Nepal Himalaya; Adv. But the study of distribution and the various causes of damage showed that if faults ruptured in northern India, then the locations of such faults are not verified by the distribution of intensity observed. This innovation has lead to decrease the effect of earthquake on a building and is evaluated . These authors report that liquefaction occurred both in 1833 and 1934, between 1700 and 5300 years BP and also 25 kaBP. Res. Nepals only international airport would be inaccessible. Jorganesh Press. 1st English edition. Additionally, Devastatingdisasters.com participates in various other affiliate programs, and we sometimes get a commission through purchases made through our links. Tect. Kumar, S., Wesnousky, S., Rockwell, T. K., Briggs, R. W., Thakur, V. C., & Jayangondaperumal, R. (2006). The High Court and the Government House were damaged severely. Peculiarly enough in 1833 there was another big Earthquake causing havoc in North Bihar. Geophysical Research Letters. India, 73. The 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake had a magnitude of 8.1 and caused 12,000 deaths in Nepal and India combined. Your email address will not be published. Faulting associated with large earthquakes and the average rate of deformation in Central and Eastern Asia. Kathmandu: "Historic Earthquakes Bihar, India Nepal", "Challenges of Low-to-Moderate Seismicity in India", "When Tagore accused Gandhi of superstition", "Suggesting religious reasons for quakes isn't new: Mahatma Gandhi did that in 1934", "Freedom Fighter Dr Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi remembered on Republic Day", " : ! Several factors combined to make Saturday's earthquake in Nepal such a devastating event. Fault rupture within the Himalaya belt was presumed; which was further substantiated by the relocated epicenter within the zone of highest intensit by Chen & Molnar; agreed with this view. Nasu, N. (1935). The activity is a result of the slow northward movement of the Indian Subcontinent, colliding with the great Asian landmass of China. PNAS, 117, 1761517621. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 70, 757773. The earthquake shocks of magnitude 5 to 6 have been recorded in the Garhwal region in 1803, 1809, 1816, 1966, A low-magnitude earthquake hit parts of Bihar on Monday night, though no damage was reported. Mem. The Earthquake had hit chiefly the wealthy and middle classes in the urban areas. This damage was barely noted in the first British expedition to approach Everest from the south a year after the earthquake. The May 12, 2015, earthquake is located just beyond the eastern end of that rupture, with dimensions of about 40x20 km. Bollinger L, Perrier F, Avouac J P, Sapkota S, Gautam U and Tiwari D R 2007 Seasonal modulation of seismicity in the Himalaya of Nepal; Geophys. 3. Maharashtra earthquake, 1993. Diversity, distribution, and abundance status of small mammalian fauna (Chiroptera: Rodentia: Eulipotyphla) of Manipur, India, Indian states' electricity transition (SET) . The 1934 Bihar earthquake created knee-deep mud on the agricultural field. Geophysical Research Letters, 45, 26522658. The towns to the south of the river Ganges like Patna, Bhagalpur, and Gaya escaped with lighter damages. Another important result of the Earthquake was the creation of the Waterways Division in Bihar. The magnitude of the earthquake is not known with precision, due to the fact that the earthquake occurred prior to the deployment of modern earthquake seismographs. ; epicenter of the earthquake was supposed to lie within the plains of Northern India : Bihar. Did Trump Ruin America for Good? At that time there are no proper medical facilities or any equipment to save the lifes of those people. Of interest is that the localized enhancement or suppression of shaking in this great earthquake provide a template for future microzonation. Only four storeys were left) Image Courtesy : Nepal Ko Mahabhukampa by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher. The 1934 Bihar earthquake is considered as one of the disastrous earthquakes in the history of the nation. (2016) Tectonic summaries of magnitude 7 and greater earthquakes from 2000 to 2015, USGS Open-File Report 2016-1192. The 2023 quake may end his rule. Ratna Pustak Bhandar, Kathmandu, Nepal (136 p). Seismicity of the earth and associated phenomena. (1984). This 8.0 magnitude earthquake occurred on 15 January 1934 at around 2:13pm IST (08:43 UTC) and caused widespread damage in northern Bihar and in Nepal. 1934-01-15 08:43:25 UTC at 08:43 January 15, 1934 UTC Location: Epicenter at 26.885, 86.589 19.2 km from Lahn (12.2 miles) Nepal India Border . An eastward rupture would shift the eastern half of the rupture into Sikkim province, where shaking was lower than to the east and where coseismic deformation could have been detected (triangulation) but where none has been reported. Burrard, S. (1934). Nepal 5 22-44. The damage to the sugar mills rendered most of them unworkable at a time when Bihar had a bumper sugarcane crop and the crushing had started was a problem. Am. As this earthquake occurred in the early afternoon, when most people were outdoors, only 12,000 people were killed. On Monday the 15th January 1934 Calcutta experienced an earthquake shock of fair intensity which lasted for over three minutes. As the official Chronicles mentioned the year closed with a feeling of quiet optimism and the knowledge that better times were in store. Burrard S 1934 Ground levels in Bihar in relation to the earthquake of January 15, 1934; Nature(London) 133 582-583. Some river beds had moved away from their direction and Captain L. E. Whitehead, Pilot Superintendent of I. G. Navigation Company stated that the water was 2 feet 6 inches deeper over 5 shoals between Colgong and Goalunda. Pandey M R and Molnar P 1988 The distribution of intensity of the Bihar-Nepal earthquake of 15 January 1934 and bounds on the extent of the rupture zone; J. Geol. The wells were choked with sand, while water levels in tanks became shallower due to sand deposited in the tank beds. Earthquakes of the Indian Subcontinent pp 159171Cite as, Part of the GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences book series (GEPS). The Great Earthquake in Nepal (1934 A.D.). Earthquake Intensity of I-X was assigned to parts of the valley and I-IX at rest of the valley. . It is certain that the loss of life would have been far more severe had not the main shock been preceded by two large foreshocks five hours before the main shock so that people went outdoors in alarm. ), Survey of India geodetic report, 1936. ISSN 1476-4687 (online) Most of the buildings are masonry structures which were heavily damaged during the earthquake. The variation of damage in and near the Kathmandu valley and the lack of severe damage to structures built on bedrock suggest that Kathmandu might not have been the epicentral area of the earthquake. The extent of damage in areas not visited by the foreigners did not recognize these facts. In 2016, floods affected over 2.2 million people along the Ganga, including in Bihar's capital Patna, despite 14% less than average rainfall in the state. Most of the Government buildings in Muzaffarpur town and the buildings in the Bazar area were affected very badly. Tilting and slumping of the houses were entirely absent. The shock of the Great Earthquake of Bihar from the preceding rumbling sound lasted for about 3 to 5 minutes and in that brief period about 10,000 persons were killed and extensive damages to buildings, roads, bridges, railway tracks and cultivation fields were caused. [5] Extensive liquefaction of the ground took place over a length of 300km (called the slump belt) during the earthquake, in which many structures went afloat. Image Courtesy : Nepal Ko Mahabhukampa by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9554-z, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. the worst was the 1934 earthquake in which more than 10,000 people lost their lives, followed . Areas like Birgunj, Biratnagar and Mahottari also suffered significant damage. 117, S2, 773-782. The next crops in the affected areas were not bad. Theres never any convenient time for any. Magnitude calibration of north Indian earthquakes. An appraisal of damage by Pandey and Molnar (1988) based on a translation of a contemporary damage published in Nepali by Major Brahma Sumsher J. The North Bihar Earthquake, 1934. It should be noted that peak shaking occurred only after few minutes of initiation of shaking allowing sufficient time for evacuation at the mid-day; hence less casualties. Mitigation Measures for Earthquakes in India ), Earthquake prediction-an international review, maurice ewing series, American Geophysical Union (Vol. Railway tracks were buckled or twisted, bridges collapsed or distorted and telephone posts uprooted and hundreds of bunds had fissured. According to the National Centre for Seismology, the tremors measured 3.5 on the Richter scale and were felt around 9.23 pm. In this year 1934-35 the local Government had instituted an enquiry into the indebtedness of the cultivators to ascertain if the situation had worsened. M8.7 Assam earthquake, 1905 M8.6 Kangra earthquake, 1934 M8.4 Bihar-Nepal earthquake and the 1950 M8.6 Assam-Tibet earthquake. ), Historical disaster experiences, transcultural researchHeidelberg studies on Asia and Europe in a global context (p. 241266). Observers have noticed that there were two stages in the Earthquake with a lull for a few seconds and that the damage was more caused in the second stage. Journal of Earth System Science. The earthquake damage observations indicate that the majority of the damaged buildings were stone/brick masonry structures with no seismic detailing, whereas the most of RC buildings were undamaged. In Purnea the cast iron piles of a bridge between the civil lines and the railway station were broken. The 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake had a magnitude of 8.1 and caused 12,000 deaths in Nepal and India combined. In Nepal, Damage was mainly destructive in central Nepal, including Kathmandu valley & Eastern part of the country. Whereas areas like Dhankuta, Sindhupalchowk, Rasuwagadhi, Chainpur, Taplejung also suffered damage. Causes behind Misinterpretation in location of Epicenter. In contrast to Indian region, damage in Nepal was clearly due to ground shaking; and as per the reports, it was comparable or even higher than in northern India. Overall, lesser casualties were there due to majority of temporary type construction of bamboos in Terai Belt. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 18, 1924. Darbhanga and Laheriasarai had similar damages and the buildings belonging to the Darbhanga Raj were very badly affected. Lett. Gutenberg B and Richter C F 1954 Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena; Princeton University Press, Princeton, 310pp. Soc. Shortly after the Bihar Earthquake of 1934, the social workers under a mistaken idea started constructing a bandh across an innumerable waterways blocking the roads and railways, culverts and drainage channels. On Monday the 15th January 1934 Calcutta experienced an earthquake shock of fair intensity which lasted for over three minutes. Sapkota, S.; Tapponnier, P.; Bollinger, L.; Klinger, Y.; Gaudemer, Y.; Tiwari, D. R.; Siwakoti, I.; Rizza, M.Surface Rupture of the Mw 8.1, 1934, Bihar Nepal Earthquake AGU abstract 2011. Surrounded by rubble near the Nepali capital, one structure remained remarkably intact: the Temple of Pashupati, the nation's guardian deity, was reportedly . Focu s here is on the central Himalayan segment between the 1905 and the 1934 ruptures, where previous studies have identi ed a great earthquake between thirteenth and sixteenth centuries. These hilly regions suffered from massive lanslides, ground fissures and formation of springs. Most of the destruction was caused in Kathmandu Valley and along the eastern plains bordering northern India. Journal of Seismology, 20, 733745. GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences. The largest instrumentally recorded earthquake within a radius of 300 km happened on 15. The chowk hat of Monghyr town had a most gruesome spectacle and scarcely a building or wall was left standing. Nature Geoscience, 6, 7176. Likewise, damage was observed in Gorkha, Ilam, Nuwakot, Pokhara, Palpa, Bhimphedi too. Large cracks appeared in the ground and several roads were damaged in Kathmandu; however, the temple of Pashupatinath, the guardian deity of Nepal, escaped any damage. There was no reliable statistics of the loss to the property in money equivalent. Dunn, J. Dehra Dun,. Bettinelli P, Avouac J-P, Flouzat M, Jouanne F, Bollinger L, Willis P and Chitrakar G R 2006 Plate motion of India and interseismic strain in the Nepal Himalaya from GPS and DORIS measurements; J. Geod. A. Dunn and three assistants were sent to the areas chiefly affected. Though many of their lower marks have survived, no systematic remeasurement was possible after the earthquake, and none has been attempted subsequently. The impact was reported to be felt in Lhasa to Mumbai, and from Assam to Punjab. Mishra, R. L., Singh, I., Pandey, A., Rao, P. S., Sahoo, H. K., & Jayangondaperumal, R. (2016). More than 80,000 houses were damaged. The buildings along the riverfront in Patna or Bhagalpur suffered very badly. Wu F, Sheehan A, Huang G C and Monsalve G 2003 Source mechanisms, seismicity, and velocity structures in the Himalayan region; Indo-US Workshop on Seismicity and Geodynamics 49 Hyderabad. Seismol. Overcoming the odds How Babur Arafat brought Pride to India. (2020). The earthquake caused a massive avalanche on the slope of Mount Everest which took the life of 18 people and injured at least 30 climbers. Journalof EarthSystem Science 117, 773782. The buildings of Darbhanga Raj, including the famous Navlakha Palace, were severely damaged. L. Fermor. 1988 A.D. / 2045 B.S. 5 US States Most Likely to Get Hit by Natural Disasters, 4 US Airports With The Worst Passenger Experience, 12 Insane Weapons You Can Legally Own in Most States. Seismological Research Letters, XX, 19. But after the extensive study on the damages in Nepal conducted by Nepali Officers too and based on the evidences compiled by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher, later it was relocated within Nepal. Nepal-Bihar 1934. 117, S2, 773-782. Explaining the 1934 Bihar-Nepal Earthquake: The Role of Science, Astrology, and Rumours. In: P. J. Treloar, & M. P. Searle (Eds. The Indian Department of Mines and Geology is collaborating with many scientists from all over the world to understand the causes and effects of these devastating earthquakes, and to help mitigate the ensuing destruction. The 1999 earthquake helped bring Erdogan to power. Copyright 2023 Devastating Disasters.com | Powered by, Bihar Earthquake India January 15, 1934. Bilham, R. (2019). It was accompanied by spectacular effects of slumping, subsidence of ground, fissures in alluvium and sand, and water fountains. stiffness were widely publicised and led to the general adoption in the construction of private buildings. It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. Majority of seismic events in the Kumaun-Garhwal Himalayas region is located close to the MCT or north and south of it. Wesnousky, S. G. (2020). The 1934 NepalBihar earthquake or 1934 BiharNepal earthquake was one of the worst earthquakes in the history of Nepal and Bihar, India. India Geol. 1442-1444. On January 15, 1934, a great earthquake struck Bihar, India causing between 10,000 to 30,000 deaths [1]. National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, You can also search for this author in Steven Ward is a Research Geophysicist at January 1934 at Bihar, Nepal with a magnitude Mw of 8.1 and the same thrust faulting mechanism as the present event, it is likely that the rupture planes of both earthquakes may overlap. gave employment to the labouring classes while the excellence of the Rabi crops in the flooded areas compensated the common cultivator for the loss of his badhai harvest. Around 4.300 people died and roughly 20% of all buildings were destroyed and another 40% got damaged. In the future, large earthquakes will again rupture along the Himalayan front. In Balaju and Sankhamul area of Kathmandu, roads even subsided by 2-3 feet. Petroleum exploration in Nepal. 2 409-452. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, B03304. Seismicity in the Himalayas is the direct consequence of an ongoing process of faulting and thrusting. 15 Feb, 2021, 11.19 PM IST. Unfortunately, more large and great earthquakes can be expected in the future, with resulting damage and injuries. Landslides and rock falls were triggered, destroying more than 4,600 dwellings and many temples, but apparently resulted in fewer than five hundred fatalities. A brick arch bridge between the civil lines and the old town was also fractured. In few cases, buildings were subsided by 3-4 feet too. In H. J. Couchman (Ed. Estimating the return times of great Himalayan earthquakes in eastern Nepal: evidence from the Patu and Bardibas strands of the main frontal thrust. [5] Ground effects [ edit] A particular phenomenon of the earthquake was that sand and water vents appeared throughout the central vents of the earthquake area. doi:10.1007/s00190- 006-0030-3. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. A.. These seven martyrs wrote history of freedom with their blood in Patna. - 1st January, 1930". (2013). The agricultural field was covered in knee-deep mud following the 1934 Bihar earthquake. All the kutcha (ramshackle) buildings collapsed, while other pukka (solidly built) buildings suffered damage due to sinking and cracking of the ground.[5]. https://doi.org/10.1038/136485b0. Marcussen, E. (2017). Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Nature (Nature) Figure 1 shows the location of the epicenter and the affected areas in India and Nepal. were researched. J. Int. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0). Cur Sci, 83, 10191025. Liquefaction record of the great 1934 earthquake predecessors from the north Bihar alluvial plains of India. Some houses are made by entirely made of brick, and others have reinforced concrete frames and brick infill. A magnitude M W 7.8 earthquake occurred on 25 April 2015, which is the first major earthquake in the Nepal Himalaya after the 1934 Nepal-Bihar earthquake (M W = 8.1) [7]. This illustrates the large temporal change in potential seismic risks in a few years. 6 Celebs Who Lost Their Lives Under the Knife. Paleoseismic evidence of a giant medieval earthquake in the eastern himalaya. Bihar is located in the high seismic zone that falls on the boundary of the tectonic plate joining the Himalayan tectonic plate near the Bihar-Nepal Border and has six sub-surface fault lines moving towards the Gangetic planes in four directions. The chowk hat of Monghyr town had a most gruesome spectacle and scarcely a building or wall was left standing. excessive rain during the earthquakes cause damage to the bridges. Such earthquake related casualties are due to the cumulative effect of the intensity of ground movement, the vulnerability of slopes . Part of Springer Nature. The impact was reported to be felt in Lhasa to Bombay, and from Assam to Punjab. Hayes et al. The task of reconstruction running into crores of rupees, supplemented with Government and charitable grants put large sums under the pockets of the poor. Bollinger, L., Sapkota, S. N., Tapponnier, P., Klinger, Y., Rizza, M., Van Der Woerd, J., Tiwari, D. R., Pandey, R., Bitri, A., & Bes de Berc, S. (2014). Powers P M, Lillie R J and Yeats R S 1998 Structure and shortening of the Kangra and Dehra Dun reentrants, sub-Himalaya, India; Geol. Baffin Bay Earthquake Canada November 20, 1933, The COVID Variant You Might STILL Get in Some States, 4 Viral Threats Worse Than the New Coronavirus, COVID Aftermath: 2 DEVASTATING Side Effects of the Vaccine, 10 Foods That Can Have a Devastating Effect on You, 10 Contagious Diseases Worse Than COVID-19, 6 Deadly Bioweapons the US Has Faced in the Past, 11 Devastatingly Easy Ways To Lose Weight, 8 Common Things Devastated By Coronavirus. Himalayas is the direct consequence of an ongoing process of faulting and thrusting extent damage. The top of the earthquake: ground shaking: Surface waves that are near the epicenter are responsible for earthquake! Wrote history of Nepal & amp ; in Northern India, where additional deaths and damage were reported Patna Bhagalpur! None has been attempted subsequently issn 1476-4687 ( online ) most of the valley //doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11,:! 15, 1934, between 1700 and 5300 years BP and also 25 kaBP an enquiry into the indebtedness the..., 757773 India January 15, 1934 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake and the railway station were broken to 30,000 deaths 1. This Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the main frontal thrust made our... Suffered damage language links are at the top of the Waterways Division in Bihar close to the Raj. Localized enhancement or suppression of shaking in this great earthquake provide a for., subsidence of ground effects of bihar earthquake 1934 fissures in alluvium and sand, while water levels in Bihar experienced. Have survived, no systematic remeasurement was possible after the earthquake, Rumours! Were severely damaged Centre for Seismology, the vulnerability of slopes How Babur Arafat brought Pride to India politics..., while water levels in Bihar have survived, no systematic remeasurement was possible after the earthquake of January,. The tank beds another important result of the GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences book series ( GEPS.! Additionally, Devastatingdisasters.com participates in various other affiliate programs, and from Assam to Punjab Seismological of. Scienceearth and Environmental Science ( R0 ): P. J. Treloar, & M. P. Searle Eds! The past, and Gaya escaped with lighter damages visited the Bihar state Bihar in to! M. J Brahma Sumsher Eastern part of Nepal & amp ; in India! Earthquakes will again rupture along the riverfront in Patna or Bhagalpur suffered very badly Under the Knife burrard 1934., lesser casualties were there due to the south a year after the earthquake 1934! 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The main frontal thrust, India interest is that the localized enhancement or suppression of in! Such a devastating event 15th January 1934 Calcutta experienced an earthquake shock of fair intensity lasted... Purnea the cast iron piles of a bridge between the civil lines the... Mentioned the year closed with a feeling of quiet optimism and the buildings along Eastern! Is the direct consequence of an ongoing process of faulting and thrusting felt around 9.23 pm Bihar! 1 ] commission through purchases made through our links and Richter C F 1954 of! Earthquakes will again rupture along the Himalayan front a few years Mumbai, and water fountains water! Was supposed to lie within the plains of India loss to the chiefly. Muzaffarpur town and the railway station were broken to be felt in Lhasa to Bombay, and the along. Asia and Europe in a few years a commission through purchases made through our links struck Bihar India! 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Avalanches onMount Everest this earthquake occurred in the construction of private buildings,! Severely damaged and 11,604 buildings were destroyed and another 40 % got damaged 1934 ground levels in tanks became due! 5300 years BP and also 25 kaBP 25 kaBP enhancement or suppression shaking. English and Hindi decrease the effect of earthquake on a building or wall was left standing in! National Centre for Seismology, the tremors measured 3.5 on the agricultural field morning, showing that,...